literature. There is very little information about the development, structure and characteristics of the existing mass of knowledge on conflict in nursing studies. The study findings establish a basis of information for planning further studies and providing guidance. In addition, this study provides researchers, scientific journals, institutions and countries with an opportunity to assess and compare their own performance in conflict literature in nursing studies. However, the fact that the most cited studies in the field of conflict in nursing is in demand by journals with high impact factor is a source of motivation for researchers studying in this field.Air pollution is a public health issue and the toxicity of ambient particulate matter (PM) is well-recognized. Although it does not mostly contribute to the total mass of PM, increasing evidence indicates that the ultrafine fraction has generally a greater toxicity than the others do. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathological disorders related to nanoparticles (NPs) remains essential. Hence, the goal of this study was to determine better whether the exposure to a relatively low dose of well-characterized iron-rich NPs (Fe-NPs) might alter some critical toxicological endpoints in a relevant primary culture model of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). We sought to use Fe-NPs representative of those frequently found in the industrial smokes of metallurgical industries. After having noticed the effective internalization of Fe-NPs, oxidative, inflammatory, DNA repair, and apoptotic endpoints were investigated within HBECs, mainly through transcriptional screening. Taken together, these results revealed that, despite it only produced relatively low levels of reactive oxygen species without any significant oxidative damage, low-dose Fe-NPs quickly significantly deregulated the transcription of some target genes closely involved in the proinflammatory response. Although this inflammatory process seemed to stay under control over time in case of this acute scenario of exposure, the future study of its evolution after a scenario of repeated exposure could be very interesting to evaluate the toxicity of Fe-NPs better.Functional dyspepsia (FD) is characterized by chronic and unexplained indigestion at upper abdomen. Because of unsatisfactory effect of conventional treatments, demand is growing for complementary and alternative medicine. Rikkunshito (RKT) is a herbal medicine, which has been widely used for FD in Asia; however, the evidence is lacking. We carried out systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect and safety of RKT in the treatment of FD.
Electronic databases were searched in April 2019, including PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. #link# All eligible studies should be randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing RKT or combination therapy (RKT and western medicine) group to western medicine group. The primary outcome measure was the total clinical efficacy rate (TCE). The secondary outcomes were total dyspepsia symptom scale, gastric emptying rate, gastrin, motilin, recurrence 6months after treatment, and Hamilton depression rating scale.
Fifty-two RCTs with 5475 patients were involved in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Compared with western medicine, RKT showed significant better result, with higher TCE (relative risk=1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.25, P&lt;0.001). RKT presented higher reduction of total dyspepsia symptom scale, more improved gastric emptying rate, and lower recurrence 6months after treatment compared with western medicine. However, there was no significant difference in Hamilton depression rating scale between RKT and western medicine group. Combination therapy brought significant symptom improvement with TCE compared with western medicine alone.
Rikkunshito and combination therapy might be considered an effective alternative treatment for FD. Further rigorously designed and high-quality RCTs are needed.
Rikkunshito and combination therapy might be considered an effective alternative treatment for FD. Further rigorously designed and high-quality RCTs are needed.Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to severe arrhythmia and aggravate myocardial damage. Exosomes are small-membrane vesicles that play a protective role in myocardial I/R injury. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC)-induced serum exosomes (IPC-Exo) on myocardial I/R injury in rats and its underlying mechanism. Serum exosomes were extracted from IPC rats and quantified using a bicinchoninic acid assay kit. IPC-Exo (50?μg) was injected into the infarcted myocardium immediately after ligation. Rats were randomly divided into Sham, I/R, IPC-Exo?+?I/R, I/R?+?LY294002, and I/R?+?IPC-Exo?+?LY294002 groups. Haemodynamic parameters were measured by physiological recording. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to detect cardiac function. The serum levels of creatine kinase isomer-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-10 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining was used to measure the myocardial infarct size. Apoptosis in myocardial tissues was detected by TUNEL staining. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of PI3K/AKT and apoptosis-related proteins. Our results showed that treatment with IPC-Exo ameliorated cardiac function and reduced inflammatory factor production, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and myocardial infarct size. Moreover, IPC-Exo treatment promoted the protein expression of Bcl-2, p-PI3K, and p-AKT but inhibited that of caspase-3 and Bax. However, treatment with LY294002 significantly reversed that IPC-Exo-induced increase in p-PI3K and p-AKT levels, improvement of haemodynamics, and decrease of inflammatory factor production and apoptosis in the I/R?+?IPC-Exo group. Taken together, our results suggest that IPC-Exo may alleviate I/R injury via activating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.To describe the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates cultured from surgical specimens of infected arytenoid cartilage and granulomas.
Retrospective cohort study.
Thirty-three thoroughbred horses.
Hospital records were retrieved for all horses admitted to a referral hospital for arytenoid chondropathy surgery that had samples submitted for culture and sensitivity between 2005 and 2019. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fatostatin.html were performed.
In total, 56 bacterial isolates were obtained. Gram-positive bacteria (58%), Gram-negative bacteria (54%), and anaerobes (33%) were cultured from samples. Fifty-eight percent of horses had multiple bacteria isolated. Streptococcus spp were the most common (32%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (13%). Bacterial isolates were sensitive to ceftiofur (83%), followed by ampicillin (64%), tetracycline (48%), enrofloxacin (45%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41%), and gentamicin (18%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was present in 44% of bacterial isolates.
A wide variety of bacteria was cultured, providing evidence that secondary opportunistic infection by common respiratory bacteria is likely a factor in arytenoid chondropathy.